Marriott Hotel Ansoff matrix Free Essay Example, 1000 words

Marriott has also adopted the market penetration strategy through its â€Å"Love Travels† campaign that portrays the company’s dedication to make every person feel comfortable for who they are whenever they travel (Marriott News Center, 2014) Marriot Incorporation has also made use of the market development strategy. This strategy centers on developing new markets for the organization’s existing products and services (Oh, 2009). In the context of Marriot, the company has grown to other markets through building new units and joint ventures. One of the regions that Marriot Incorporation has focused on is the markets outside United States (Marriott News Center, 2014). This is because the growth rates within United States have gone down thus offering opportunities to expand to other regions. Some of the regions that companies expand to offer more lucrative business opportunities. Recently, Marriot bought out Delta chain of Hotels in Canada after the recent Canadian economic turmoil (Brownell, 2015). Marriot decided to expand to Canada in order to take advantage of the economic advantage of the depreciating Canadian dollar. In a press release, the head of mergers at Marriot Incorporation acknowledged that the company h as hopes that the Canadian economy will improve. We will write a custom essay sample on Marriott Hotel Ansoff matrix or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The Delta becomes the first largest hotel chain in Canada with full hotel service. Because of the weak Canadian dollar and cheap oil prices, Marriot anticipates tourism to be boosted by the low cost of transport. The company anticipates that the weak Canadian Dollar will encourage more Europeans and Americans to travel to Canada. Marriot bought Delta chain of hotels from the British Columbia Investment Management Corporation at 168 million US dollars. By buying the Delta, Marriot will have control of 30 hotels within Canada (Brownell, 2015). The company also recently expanded to Italy in Sacca Sessola, a few minutes away from Venice. By the end of 2015 the company also anticipates to have acquired 20 hotels in more than 20 countries. The AC hotels, which are a joint venture of Marriot with Antonio Catalan plans to expand its operations to the United States (Marriott News Center, 2014). Autograph Collection, which is one of the jointly owned Marriot hotel, attained its 60th hotel acquisition recently. The Unique collection permits autonomous hotels to take the chance to tap into Marriot’s powerful sales and marketing platforms. It is anticipated that almost 20 hotels will join the autograph collection this year (Marriott News Center, 2014).

The Presentation of Love in Poetry Essay - 1726 Words

The Presentation of Love in Poetry Compare in detail the presentation of love (and loss) in How Do I Love Thee by Elizabeth Barrett Browning, First Love by John Clare and Remember by Christina Rossetti with further reference to My Last Duchess by Robert Browning, When We Two Parted by Lord Byron and A Woman To Her Lover by Christina Walsh The three poems, First Love by John Clare, Remember by Christina Rossetti and How Do I Love Thee by Elizabeth Barrett Browning were all written in the 19th century. They all share the similar theme of love, however they are all very different in numerous ways, such as in their structure, their tone, their ideas of love, the time of their relationship and†¦show more content†¦Its tone is very natural and also vaguely spiritual; it seems as if this one moment in time is the most significant out of every second in his life and the feelings he describes are those of awe and wonder, usually experienced after a miracle. Remember fixates on the parting of a lover. Remember is a petrarchan sonnet as is How Do I Love Thee. The fact that it is of an Italian origin explains the theme of love, but this poem is somewhat different to the conventional love poem. It explains the issues of love after death and the struggles of grieving. Its tone is almost negative; it creates a slightly gloomy atmosphere. Whether it creates a sense of depression or not, it still is a very emotional poem. Progression in the poem is rapid; this is reflected by the sonnet. The octave discusses a different topic to the sonnet, but there are some connections between the two parts. The rhythm is in between that of dactylic and anapaestic; and this reflects upon the confused emotions of both lovers. The rhyme scheme in the octave is ABAB, like in First Love, which reflects upon the separation of the two lovers; one being on Earth and the other being up above in the heavens. TheShow MoreRelatedCharacteristics of Metaphysical Poetry 876 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is a metaphysical poem? Metaphysical poetry is concerned with the whole experience of man, but the intelligence, learning and seriousness of the poets means that the poetry is about the profound areas of experience especially - about love, romantic and sensual; about man s relationship with God - the eternal perspective, and, to a less extent, about pleasure, learning and art. Metaphysical poems are lyric poems. They are brief but intense meditations, characterized by striking use of witRead MoreWhile Ishiguro’S Seminal Novel Never Let Me Go Explores1723 Words   |  7 PagesWhile Ishiguro’s seminal novel Never Let Me Go explores relationships, notably friendships and romance, Duffy’s collection of poetry in The World’s Wife contains multiple perspectives, voices and views of love, friendship, revenge and sex. In terms of relationships between the sexes, the presentation of women as objects or stereotypes is one that Duffy challenges in her poetry. Both interestingly are written from the female’s perspective allowing the reader to experience a deep insight into the femaleRead MoreSummary Of Archilochus And Fragment 31 By Sappu1039 Words   |  5 Pagesfragment 31 by Sappho. Both poems provide graphic descriptions of individuals stricken by love for a woman that is implied to be unaware of their affection. Although the two poets share a number of characteristics in terms of general topic and poetic mechanisms, they hold a fundamental set of differences in their approaches to universality, specificity, public, and private. Sappho writes occasional poetry in melic verse - she, as the sole speaker, presents thoughts and feelings in an emotional wayRead More Comparing Women in A Mans Requirements and A Letter to Her Husband652 Words   |  3 PagesRequirements and A Letter to Her Husband Authors use poetry to creatively present attitudes and opinions. â€Å"A Man’s Requirements,† by Elizabeth Barrett Browning, and â€Å"A Letter to Her Husband, Absent upon Public Employment† are two poems with distinct attitudes about love that contain different literary approaches. In both of the poems, love is addressed from a different perspective, producing the difference in expectation and presentation, but both suggest the women are subservient in the relationshipsRead MoreEssay on Poetry and Ann Bradstreet924 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Edward Taylor and Ann Bradstreet Study Questions For Lesson Notes (1-7) and for Lesson Completion (8-13) Part One (To complete upon viewing the ppt. presentation) 1) Based on what we know about the Puritans and how they viewed worldly objects and creative expression, why would it seem ironic that there are several among them who remain influential poets today? It would seem ironic because they had left few personal belongings behind them, but puritans confined within their culture so they canRead MoreAnne Carsons Manipulation of Fragments of Sappho1173 Words   |  5 PagesZaneh Williams February 24, 2012 Manipulation of Sappho Anne Carson’s presentation of Sappho’s surviving poetry, Fragments of Sappho heightens the eroticism and same sex-desirability that Sappho is well known for. In the text, Sappho never explicitly engages in any sort of sexual activity or intercourse, whether with a male or female. Therefore, it is unknown as to whether she ever acted on her clear sexual yearnings. Carson’s editorial choices and translation of the text, however, intensifiesRead MoreThe Epic of Beowulf733 Words   |  3 Pagescouldnt kill him, but he believes that is brave and noble to die in the battle. Epic poems feature a certain length, topic and means of presentation. Beowulf meets them all, for being quite long, the topic is about monsters interacting with heroic humans and it was initially intended to be recited to warriors to encourage them for the battle. Thus, epic poetry, broadly speaking, conserve ethical values, inspiring us to have a certain behavior which is positively constructive for the society weRead MoreEssay Manipulation of Lyrics in Shakespeares As You Like It1697 Words   |  7 PagesManipulation of Lyrics in As You Like It   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While it is a comedy of the turmoil of love and the experimentation with gender roles and identity, William Shakespeares As you Like It is a historical preservation of Renaissance music. The play is fraught with spontaneous song and poetry, yet Shakespeare strategically manipulates these musical elements. Specifically, the lyrics and poetry of the play function to establish a soundtrack and a direct appeal to their Elizabethan audience, whileRead MoreAnalysis Of Thomas Gray s Poem Elegy 1167 Words   |  5 Pagesa Country Courtyard, readers find identifiers woven throughout the text which mark the transition from the neoclassicism of the 18th century to the early Romantics. The structured format of Thomas Gray’s poem is one of the main links between his poetry and neoclassical thought. Gray’s poem follows the popular 18th century notion of strict adherence to literary rules regarding formatting. Gray utilizes iambic pentameter within his piece which makes use of precise phrasing to stress certain syllablesRead MoreArts Are Prettier : Representations Of Visual Arts1362 Words   |  6 PagesUnviewed Arts are Prettier: Representations of Visual Arts in Poetry Stepping into the marvelous Beaux-Art style building of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, we could appreciate the masterpieces of visual arts among many eras of humanities, from ancient Egypt to the Renaissance, from Chinese empires to modern era. Occasionally, we can see that in front of an oil painting or a bronze statue stands someone, who seems to be completely immersed in the atmosphere as if time stops. Can we

Using a Ghost During the Elizabethan Period. Hamlet Free Essays

During the Elizabethan period, a ghost was seen as a common feature in most tragedy plays. Shakespeare’s Hamlet is a prime example of the use of a ‘ghost’ to entice fear and apprehension amongst the Elizabethan audience. The ghost can be seen as projecting several functions throughout the play, all of which are vital to the play’s ultimate impact. We will write a custom essay sample on Using a Ghost During the Elizabethan Period. Hamlet or any similar topic only for you Order Now An Elizabethan audience were highly superstitious, held Roman Catholic beliefs of purgatory and were extremely fearful of afterlife and the uncertainty that surrounded it. Such views were powerful connotations that aided Shakespeare to influence his audience with considerable impact. However, the implications of a ghost were seen as very different for a Elizabethan audience as compared with the perception of a ghost by a modern audience. Therefore it could be said that the disparity in how the ghost is received may diminish the play’s impact for a modern day audience. The audience of Shakespeare’s time were surrounded with highly religious concepts. During the period, whilst many were deemed protestants, there were many who challenged the idea of souls and their sins in relation to heaven and hell and continued to practise the old faith. Therefore an Elizabethan audience would have been familiar with the concepts of heaven and hell and the uncertainty surrounding ghosts. Whether the ghost of Old Hamlet is living in hell or purgatory is an issue which Shakespeare leaves open and unresolved. This leaves the Shakespearean audience with the question of whether there was hope of redemption for old hamlet and in relation, themselves. This can be seen as one of the various functions of the ghost in hamlet, by engaging into the religious mindset of Elizabethans, they would question its presence and would be intent on discovering its existence and nature throughout the play. How to cite Using a Ghost During the Elizabethan Period. Hamlet, Papers

Book Thief free essay sample

Analyse how an important event at the beginning shaped outcomes in an extended written text. In the book ‘The Book Thief’, Markus Zusak the author has used the theme of colours in the prologue. The theme of colours has been used to show how Death sees colours and what these colours mean to Death in his perspective. Markus Zusak uses the techniques of imagery to show this. We also see Deaths perspective on humanity, how he dislikes humans, their behaviour, their thoughts, their actions, this is where the theme of duality of human is shown. The voice of Death is the main technique, Death’s voice is throughout the book, and this technique also collides with the theme of duality of humans. Setting is a strong technique in the book as well as it is set in 1945 during the Holocaust â€Å"where death was everywhere†. Markus Zusak the author of ‘The Book Thief’ uses the technique of colours in the prologue, the narrator Death introduces himself in four parts and the first one is ‘Death and Chocolate’ In this part Death tells us the importance of colours and how he sees colours. Death looks at colours as a distraction from the tortured suffering survivors of the dead: â€Å"I do, however, try to enjoy every colour I seethe whole spectrum It takes the edge off the stress. It helps me relax. † â€Å"First the colours. Then the humans. That’s usually how I see things. Or at least, how I try† Death tells us that he sees the colours first before seeing the dead human, he explains that he deliberately tries distract himself from the humans to the colours, its way of distracting himself because it’s in his nature, his line of work and then later he says â€Å"A colour will be perched on my shoulder. I will carry you gently away. † â€Å"The question is, what colour will everything be at that moment when I come for you? What will the sky be saying. Personally, I like a chocolate-coloured sky. Dark, dark chocolate. People say it suits me. † This tells us that Death looks at colours as a distraction from the suffering survivors of the dead: I do, however, try to enjoy every colour I seethe whole spectrum It takes the edge off the stress. It helps me relax. Death describes the murkiness of the colours and how they run into each other, one after another. In the second part of the prologue ‘Beside the Railway Line’ the colour it opens with is white, emphasis on the blinding snowy setting but also the death of the boy and the purity of the girl, the book thief, Liesel the perpetual survivor. We can tell this because the colour white is being used and white is pure, and â€Å"white is without a question a colour. † This was the first time death saw the book thief. Next section is ‘The Eclipse’ â€Å"Next is a signature black, to show the poles of my versatility, if you like. It was the darkest moment before the dawn. † The colour used to show, to outline Deaths job, to show his ability. This is where he saw the book thief again. And the last is ‘The Flag’ with the focal colour red, a soupy tomato red, this was the last time Death saw the book thief, during the bombing Death saw the girl kneeling in the street hold the book to her chest, Death remembers the book thief in colours, primarily in red, white and black, Death combines these colours into the Nazi flag: a black swastika in a white circle surrounded by a field of red, an implication is that Nazism was responsible for the deaths in these three episodes. Death also tells that he observes â€Å"a multitude of shades of intonations, that a single hour can consist of thousands of different colours. † Deaths willingness to observe different shades in the colour spectrum indicates Deaths basic uncertainty about whether the human race is totally good or totally evil, suggesting that in Deaths analysis, human beings are at various times capable of being either good or bad, this is where the theme duality of humanity comes in. Markus Zusak uses the theme of duality of humanity, how Death dislikes humans, their thought, and their actions but then he realises that not all humans are the same he tells us to â€Å"prove to me that you and your human existence, are worth it. † In the first section ‘Death and Chocolate’ we see that Death describes human’s murkiness and how they run into each other, one after another. Death describes himself as affable and then he tells us that he not nice, it’s not in his line of work to be nice. â€Å"Here is a small fact. You are going to die. † This shows us that Death is very straight forward, very frank and honest when he tells humans that they are going to die and then tells us that it is â€Å"nothing to fair. † In ‘The eclipse’ death sees a boy taking a teddy bear out of a toolbox and puts it on the pilots chest, and then a crowd appears and the pilots face appeared to be smiling, death calls this a â€Å"final dirty joke† â€Å"another human punch line. † To Death this is dehumanization because of their â€Å"dirty joke. † In the last section ‘The Flag’ Death takes the book thief’s book because it was tossed in a garbage truck and carries the stories with him to convince himself of the worth of the human existence. The book thief’s story is one of those and he want to share it, and this girls story to Death is humanity because she didn’t do a really human thing and was good. Death sees the dehumanization of the Jews in the early stages of the Holocaust. Hitler judging the Jews constantly, taking away their civil rights, and denying that they were even human. Max bitterly remarks that, as a Jew in Nazi Germany, a cold basement is the only place he deserves as he hides from discrimination. In Maxs fantasies of fighting Hitler, he imagines Hitler propagandizing against him, accusing Max personally as a villain and extreme threat to the German people. Deaths sarcastic narration echoes this response. And then we see humanity when Hans gives old Jew that was being sent to a concentration camp a piece of bread, Death narrates: If nothing else, the old man would die like a human. Or at least with the thought that he was a human. Me? Im not so sure if thats such a good thing. Death struggles to understand humanitys capacity for both good and evil. Death is stunned both by the murderous Nazis and mankinds irrational taste for war and by the few human beings who exhibit remarkable compassion and strength, like Hans and Liesel. Wondering if the human race is worth anything, Death is torn by this opposition and cannot reconcile it: I am constantly overestimating and underestimating the human race, that rarely do I ever simply estimate it. Ultimately, Death tells Liesel in the last line of the novel, â€Å"I am haunted by humans. It is the ability of human beings to make different moral choices and the unpredictable decisions that haunts Death. This novel is narrated by Death himself and is told from his point of view so this where the technique of Deaths voice comes . Death spends his time collection humans as they die, this puts him in some very interesting situations sometimes. Wars are busy times for him and he continues to say that he doesn’t understand how humans handle the disappointments of life or why they do the things they do to each other. Death struggles to understand humans and is disgusted with how they behave a lot of the time, so selfish, uncaring and mean. This is one reason why the Book Thief stands out to him so much to Death, because of the tragic experiences of her life is different from a lot of humans. In the first section Death starts with a sarcastic and bluntly dark tone in addressing the readers and describing his work, throughout the rest of the book Deaths narration is less affected and turns into ‘third person subjective† Markus Zusak uses the technique of setting in WWII, Nazi Germany â€Å"where death was all around us at that time† Molching, Germany, more specifically on Himmel Street. Himmel which translates into Heaven and â€Å"whoever named Himmel Street certainly had a healthy sense of irony. Not that is was a living hell. It wasn’t. But it sure as hell wasn’t heaven, either†. Himmel Street is where the Hubermanns live, along with Leisel, the book thief and pretty much all of the story takes place on or around this street. Nazi Germany was used because of the terrible things happening at that time. Markus Zusak said in his interview â€Å"who better to tell the story in the book set in Nazi Germany because Death was everywhere at that time and place. † But not only bad things happened at that time and place there where moment where Death tried â€Å"to find beautiful moments in a ugly time† such as when Hans Hubermann gave a piece of bread to an old Jew, such also show his humanity. In conclusion the author used the themes of colours, the theme of duality of humanity, the technique of Death’s voice and Setting to show us â€Å"beautiful moments in a ugly time† and good and evil in humans.

Othello And Desdemona Essays - Othello, Iago, Emilia, Michael Cassio

Othello And Desdemona In Shakespeare's play Othello, Iago is the antagonist. That is, he is the villain in the play Othello. He is the person who causes an action to occur which affects the other characters in the play. This action may not necessarily be a good thing. Iago is the catalyst for Othello's change. He is the reason behind Othello's changing views of his wife Desdemona, which results in the deaths of many of the characters in this tragedy. In order to understand the role Iago plays in destroying Othello, it is important to understand how Iago uses other characters in Othello to set his devious plot into motion. Iago successfully manipulates the characters involved to further his evil plans. He does this in such a way that the majority of the characters' perceptions of each other change dramatically. Thus leading to Othello's transformation and Othello's changing views and behaviour towards his beloved wife Desdemona. Iago firstly uses Roderigo, a Venetian gentleman, in love with Desdemona and then Cassio in the process of annihilating Othello. Cassio is Othello's Lieutenant. Other characters Iago exploit include his own wife Emilia and Desdemona herself. Iago goes to a lot of trouble to conquer Othello. When Iago's interaction with the other characters is understood then it can be perfectly recognised, acknowledged and understood how Iago causes Othello's perceptions of Desdemona to change so drastically and quickly. Roderigo is the first fall under Iago's spell of manipulation. Roderigo is convinced that Iago is genuine and does everything Iago tells him to. Iago easily convinces Roderigo to tell Desdemona's father, Brabantio, of Desdemona's elopement with a ?moor'. Iago and Roderigo tell Brabantio of Othello's marriage to Desdemona who rushes over to Othello to unsuccessfully reclaim his daughter. "An old black ram Is tupping your white ewe." (Act 1, Scene 1, Line 90). Brabantio's perceptions of both his daughter and Othello have changed. Later on Iago uses Desdemona's deceit towards her father as a way of changing Othello's perception of Desdemona. He repeats the words Brabantio used "She has deceived her father and may thee."(Act 1, Scene 3, Line 289). Through this quote Iago tries to convince Othello that Desdemona has or could commit adultery seeing though she has already deceived her father in marrying Othello. This is one of the very first things that start Othello's downfall. Iago is skilfully feeding Othello with lies in which Othello will eventually believe in. Iago handles Cassio in a more slightly delicate way. Iago's basic plot is to make Othello believe Desdemona is having an affair with Desdemona. "Cassio's a proper man: let me see now; To get his place and to plume up my will In double knavery. How? How? Let's see. After some time, to abuse Othello's ears That he is too familiar with his wife..." (Act 1, Scene 3, Line 374-378). This quote explains how Iago pretends to be Cassio's best friend, giving him advice when Othello dismisses him from his office. In actual fact, it was Iago who planned this misfortune and uses it for his own benefit. "For whiles this honest fool Plies Desdemona to repair his fortunes, And she for him pleads strongly to the Moor, I'll pour pestilence into his ear: That she repeals him for her body's lust; And by how much she strives to do him good, She shall undo her credit with the Moor. So I will turn her virtue into pitch, And out of her own goodness make the net That shall enmesh them all." (Act 2, Scene 3, Line 320-329). In this part of Iago's soliloquy, Iago explains how he has given advice to Cassio to go to Desdemona and ask her to plead his case to Othello so that he will regain his position as Othello's lieutenant as possible. Now as Desdemona speaks about Cassio to Othello, Iago will be continually telling Othello lies of Desdemona's infidelity with Cassio. This is the next step Iago takes to further his plan. He makes it appear as though Cassio and Desdemona are involved together, having an affair. Othello does not believe Iago. "I do not think but Desdemona's honest. (Act 3, Scene 3, Line 228). He tells Iago that he is not a jealous man. Othello confidently says that Desdemona is faithful to him and he will not doubt her without any proof. Nonetheless, a tiny seed of doubt has been sowed into Othello's head. Iago's plan is working. Othello is beginning to feel the effects of jealousy and tries to stop the jealous thoughts, which is

Does The Green Mile Subvert the Conventions of Narrative and Genre Essays

Does The Green Mile Subvert the Conventions of Narrative and Genre Essays Does The Green Mile Subvert the Conventions of Narrative and Genre Paper Does The Green Mile Subvert the Conventions of Narrative and Genre Paper Essay Topic: Film A prison movie is a sub-genre of film that conveys a certain stereotypical overview. The qualities in most prison films are usually the same of similar. For example, common characters will include the hero, the best friend, the hard man, the sadistic guard and of course the governor. As reoccurring as these characters may be there tends to be another feature that does not really occur in prison movies, which is the heroin. However The Green Mile could be seen as an exception with the role of Paul Edgcombes (Tom Hanks) wife. Other common features include the locations within the prison movie. These include a cell, a prison yard, a courtroom, a punishment cell, a dining room, a governors office and a work place. The Green Mile though, only shows three of these common locations; the cell, the punishment cell and the governors office. This also illustrates how this film is subverting the conventions of narrative and genre. General expectations of a prison movie are usually concocted through the title of the genre prison films. From this and previous prison genres we have seen, we expect The Green Mile to obviously be in a prison setting, have a nice prisoner in corrupt surroundings, some form of labouring work, a nice friend and a vaguely happy ending, perhaps with an escape of some sort. The narrative is nearly always told through the eyes of a prisoner and it all tends to follow quite a chronological order. The narrative is usually very false and is not trying to recreate life. It reconstructs a false world for the audience because in reality we really dont know what its like. Lastly we tend to see a sub-genre incorporated which is mystery. There is always an element of suspense throughout the film, which leaves the audience thinking about if they will escape, or not. The Green Mile barely conforms to any of the above as we are introduced to this massive figure of a man: John Coffey, whom at first glace does not match up to your average nice prisoner. How ever the audience soon warm to him and he does make a friend Dell and Mr. Jingles. Are sympathies are with Coffey when he mentions that he is afraid of the dark and he does, in the audiences minds, become a sympathetic prisoner.

INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING - Group Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING - Group Project - Essay Example Australia is an independent nation within the Commonwealth, and the powers of the Commonwealth are clearly stated in the constitution. At the same time, residual powers rest with the state. (Background Note: Australia, Nov 24, 2010). It is interesting to note that the literacy rate of Australia is over 99%, and this higher rate is achieved by the effectiveness of Australian education system. The Australian population was 22.3 million in 2010 and surveys indicate that the country maintains a population growth rate of 2.1% (ibid). Although the major part of Australian culture is derived from European roots, the country possesses its own cultural features also. In addition, as reported in Australian Immigration News (n.d.), immigration has played a crucial role in the development of Australian culture. The Australian political spectrum is dominated by three political parties, among which the Liberal Party (LP) and the National are more conservative (Shipping Australia). While the former represents urban business interests, the latter mainly deals with rural interests. Australian accounting system Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB) is responsible for developing and maintaining financial accounting standards in Australia. In Australia, traditional manual accounting system is largely replaced by accounting software or Accounting Information System (AIS). AASB timely makes amendments to the existing acts and rules so and forces certain industries to compulsorily comply with these proposed accounting standards. â€Å"The AASB’s policies and processes support the implementation of the AASB’s strategies relating to its international role and domestic topics and priorities† (AASB). Since the AASB has formulated separate accounting standards for, non-profit organizations and public and private sector organization, it assists the firms to prepare final financial statements effectively. It also gives considerable significance to domestic requir ements also and thereby contributes to the overall development of the country. Business environment Australia features a work force of 10.8 million, out of which manufacturing industry represents 9.1% and retail trade indicates 10.7% (Background Note: Australia, Nov 24, 2010). This data indicates that Australia could successfully distribute its workforce among manufacturing as well as retail sectors. As per the World Factbook statistics, the Inflation rate of Australia in March 2010 was 2.9% per year and this low inflationary level indicates that the nation could employ its different monetary tools successfully. In 2010, Australia earned $210.7 billion from trade exports, and the main export items include coal, iron ore, wool, alumina, meat, and wheat. At the same time, the country spent $200.4 billion on imports in 2007, and machineries, transport equipments, crude oil, and other petroleum products are the main elements of import trade (CIA, World Factbook). Dimensions The AASB tak es all efforts to merge Australian accounting practices with global financial reporting standards. Many business entities are forced to follow Australian Accounting Standards while preparing their books of accounts. This provision is mandated by Australian Corporations Act 2001. Factors

REPUBLIC of ANGOLA Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

REPUBLIC of ANGOLA - Research Proposal Example We will begin with an introduction which will provide an overview of this country, discuss key facts and situate Angola within the present context. Following this brief overview, we will discuss Angola today with relation to the history of this country and situate present-day Angola within a historical context. Aiming to provide as much explanatory power as possible, this historical overview will be comprehensive, exploratory and in-depth. Following this, we will focus on the major industries and services within Angola and discuss the economic engines of the Angolan economy. We will then discuss the present Angola situation in light of struggle for independence and a 27 year civil war. This research paper will then conclude with an overview of key economic facts and a summation of the present economic situation in Angola today. Angola, officially called the Republic of Angola, is a Portuguese-speaking Presidential Republic which gained independence from Portugal just over thirty three years ago in 1975. As a Portuguese-speaking country in Africa, Angola is just one of a handful of former Portuguese colonies on the continent which has kept the tongue and made it an official language (Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Sà £o Tomà © and Prà ­ncipe, and Equatorial Guinea are the other majority Portuguese-speaking countries of Africa). In order to understand Angola today it is essential that we understand her history and as the largest country in the African empire of Portugal, Angola was heavily influenced by the colonial tradition. Because it is so important, the history of Portuguese influence in Angola will be discussed in-depth below. We now turn to a concise overview of Angola today. As the largest and most populous country in Luso-Africa, Angola has an estimated population of nearly 13 million people. As mentioned above, Portuguese is the official language of the country but other languages are spoken amongst the

France business code Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

France business code Ethics - Essay Example France is not only a developed country, but one that has moved from economic government ownership and control, to free market economy. Many large companies in France have been privatized, with France Telecom, Air France, Thales and Renault being examples of plans that have undergone privatization. France enjoys the third largest earning from tourism, being the world’s most visited tourist destination. Despite these points of strengths, France is greatly affected by cultural dynamics and ethical constraints. France, officially known as the French Republic is an independent republic in Western Europe. It extends as far as the Mediterranean Sea, the English Channel, the North Sea, the Rhine River and the Atlantic Ocean. Presently, France is the largest country in Europe and also owns the world’s second-most important exclusive economic zone. While the history of France is always traced back to the Franks, France has developed over time to be a leading democracy and one of the pillars of European Union (EU). Likewise, France had been an absolute monarchy until the Storming of the Bastille took place on July 14th, 1789 and culminated unto the French Revolution. It was also at this historical juncture that France founded the fundamental rights and freedoms of the French citizens without any exception by making a declaration on the rights of man and those of the French citizen. All the above developments have given businesses in France a greater impetus. For instance, through the declaration of human rights and freedom, French citizens are able to choose their occupation, including entrepreneurship. Conversely, the aforementioned leadership position is seen in the manner in which it has continued to dispense an important global role as one of the permanent member of NATO, the EU, the Great 8, the Great 20 and the United Nations Security Council. Initially, France had been removed from NATO forces or

Role of Genomics Educated Nurses

Role of Genomics Educated Nurses GENETICS ROLE IN HEALTH CARE OF PATIENTS 1 Evidence Based Practice Paper on Genetics Role in Health Care of Patients Minimol Shebeen American Sentinel University Evidence Based Practice Paper on Genetics Role in Health Care of Patients Evidence-based practice (EBP) is the incorporation of clinical skill, patient advantages and the best research evidence into the decision-making process for patient care. Clinical expertness relates to the clinician’s gathered knowledge, education and clinical abilities. The patient brings to the encounter his or her own personal likings and unique concerns, hopes and values. The finest research verification is normally established in clinically significant research that has been organized using sound methodology. (Duke University Medical Center Library, 2013). The majority of diseases jeopardizes, health situation and the remedies used to treat those conditions has a genetic element impacted by lifestyle, environmental and other factors, and therefore affecting the whole nursing profession. Nurses have intimate knowledge of the patient’s, family’s, about community’s perspectives and an understanding of biological supports. Nurses also have experience with genomic technologies and information along with skills in communication and building coalitions and most importantly, the public’s trust. Nurses are well positioned to incorporate genetic and genomic information across all aspects of the United States health care system. Nurses, the most trusted health professionals, make unique contributions to the field of human genetics and genomics and complement the work of other health care providers to improve the health of the public (Calzone et al., 2010). This paper looks into the role of genomics educated nurses in saving lives and improving health care quality. Genetic Engineering According to The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia (2013), genetic engineering is the use of different methods to engineer the genetic material of cells to change hereditary features to produce biological products. Various techniques are used, including Use of hybrids of quickly proliferating cancer cells and cells that make a needed antibody to make monoclonal antibodies Polymerase chain reaction in which complete copies of Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fractions are made and used in DNA fingerprinting. Gene splicing, in which DNA of a wanted gene is inserted into a DNA of a bacterium which then reproduces itself producing more of the wanted gene. Genetically engineered outputs include bacteria intended to break down industrial waste products and oil slicks, drugs like human insulin, human and bovine growth hormones and interferon. It may also degrade plants that are resistant to insects, diseases and herbicides, that yield fruit or vegetables with desired qualities, or produce toxins that act as pesticides. Genetic engineering methods have also been used in the direct gene conversion of livestock and laboratory animals (The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 2013). Legal and Ethical Issues According to Lea (2008), genetics have developed to include the effect of a person’s entire genome, environmental elements and their joint effects on health. This growth is creating new, gene-based technologies for the preview, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of both uncommon and common diseases, such as cancer, heart disease, diabetes and stroke. New genomic breakthroughs and their implementations bring great expectation for a more personalized appeal to treat disease. While these new indications raise expectations for disease prevention and treatment, they also bring hard ethical issues to patients and healthcare providers in a similar way. Some of the ethical challenges for nurses are Privacy and Confidentiality Who shall have reach to genetic data? Who owns and commands it? How can families settle differences when some members want to be tested for a genetic disturbance, and others do not? Discrimination Should managements be able to need job appliers to take genetic tests as a requirement of employment? Unbiased Access to Genomic Technologies Resource-poor countries, the uninsured, rural and inner-city communities – how might genomic science and treatments be made available to those with fewer reserves? Rare genetic conditions – who will invest the progress of treatments for genetic disorders that affect a comparatively small number of people? Influence of Genetic Data How does a person’s genetic data influence that individual and society’s feeling of that individual? How do genes and genomic facts affect fellows of minority populations? According to National Human Genome Research Institute (2007), certain ethical, legal and social issues research areas identified as the main challenges for the future of genomic research: Intellectual property issues surrounding the approach to and use of genetic knowledge Ethical, legal and social factors that impact the interpretation of genetic data to improved health Problems surrounding the manners of genetic research Issues surrounding the use of genetic knowledge and technologies in non-health care backgrounds The impact of genomics on notions of race, kinship, ethnicity and individual and group identity The associations for both individuals and society of unveiling genomic inputs to human features and conducts How different individuals, cultures and religious practices view the ethical boundaries for the uses of genomics Mandatory Screening Newborn screening is a growing use of genetic examination. A technology called Tandem Mass Spectrometry is now being used by many state newborn screening programs, permitting screening for more than 24 distinctive genetic disorders using one easy test. This widened newborn screening raises new issues about well-informed decision making. As illustrated by the American Academy of Pediatrics, genetic testing varies from other types of medical testing in that it provides information about the family. For example, a diagnosis of Phenylketonuria (PKU) made in an infant through newborn screening means that the infant’s parents are carriers, and that they have a 25 percent chance with each future pregnancy for having another child with PKU. Each of the parents’ siblings has a 50 percent chance to be transporters. Thus, the screening results may have related social, psychological and financial risks. Parents who are carriers may have psychological risks which may comprise parent al responsibility. A child diagnosed with a genetic condition may face descended identity and risk insurance and employment unequal treatment. At present, most states have mandatory newborn screening agendas that require all infants to be screened unless the parents deny. This is called informed dissent, with least information supplied to parents. An informed consent process, on the other hand, would include talk with the parents about the risks, restrictions and benefits of newborn screening before consenting to the testing. Having an informed consent procedure for newborn screening has the attitude for faster and efficient responses to positive outcomes. The American Academy of Pediatrics has recommended that pediatric providers give parents the needed data and counseling regarding the risks, benefits, and limitations of newborn screening, and that they cooperate with genetics professionals and prenatal care providers in providing this difficult information to the parents. There a re currently two states that require informed consent for newborn screening, Maryland and Wyoming. Thirteen other states need that parents are well-informed about the newborn screening ahead the testing is done on their infant. All but one state, South Dakota, permit parental rejection of newborn screening for religious or personal reasons (Lea, 2008). Healthcare Providers Role in Gene Therapy The nursing profession is a crucial contributor of the finest health care services and is key to ending the gap between research breakthroughs that are effective for health care and their affluent adoption to optimize health. Every year, over 106,000 people in the United States will die from adverse effects from medicaments ordered and dispensed in correct dosages, and over two million will bear grave but not life-threatening toxicities. Among individuals 65 years of age or older, 17.3 percent of adverse drug event related emergency department visits were connected with warfarin, the majority of, which were dose-related with 44.2 percent needing hospitalization. Individual genetic markers are among the causes that add to the decision of warfarin dose conditions. A strong nursing element, can decrease the extent of life-threatening hemorrhage or sub-therapeutic dosing that can result in thrombosis as an outcome of individual responses regulated by genetic structure. Despite an expandi ng body of evidence with the addition of genetics and genomics to health or illness, the proof specific to results of genetically competent nursing practice and the effect on the public’s health is very insufficient. However, individual stories point to the possibility for changing health care by the genomically competent nurse (Calzone et al., 2010). A nurse who is informed about genetics and trained at acquiring and reviewing risk in a family history have the possibility to help people avert adult-onset disorders and resulting morbidity and mortality. More than 180,000 new cases of breast cancer are identified yearly, of which approximately 5 to 10 percent will have an inherited vulnerability to the disease. A nurse case manager took a brief family pedigree of a woman to recognize any information persistent with an inherited vulnerability to cancer. The nurse recognized a paternal family history of early-onset breast cancer and her ethnic legacy, Ashkenazi Jewish, together induced her risk of having a mutation in a breast cancer vulnerability gene. The nurse directed this woman to a cancer genetics professional. The proof points to not only a reduction in morbidity and possible mortality, but also to a health care saving of hundreds of dollars per life year as an outcome of the nurse’s activity (Calzone et al., 2010). Annually, about 180,000 to 250,000 people in the United States will bear a sudden cardiac death. The nurses informed in genetics can aid people prevent sudden cardiac death. A cardiac echocardiogram was carried out by a cardiovascular advanced practice nurse (APN) on a patient who told the story about many family members who had died unexpectedly from a heart attack. Attracted, the APN obtained a family history and shared it with one of the cardiologists. Over a few years, the APN collected a broad many generation family history that comprised members situated in many states and many countries and found that many had died in their teens and early adult years. The family took part in a research study and final the gene and disease specific mutations were recognized. The women later arranged her appointment with a cardiologist. Over an eight-year period, she had an implantable cardioverter defibrillator placed, which cardioverted her on two different instances, proceeded by two ablatio n surgeries for atrial fibrillation. Later, the woman was pregnant with her first child. She described that her pregnancy was possible because of the APN’s genetic proficiency and close supervision, education of other health care professionals participating in the woman’s prenatal care, and her direction and support throughout the pregnancy. In this family, the APN had prevented the premature death of many at risk family members by attending to and also inquiring into a family history over ten years (Calzone et al., 2010). In preconception and prenatal backgrounds, nurses have a chance to help families ready for a child with a genetic situation. Congenital malformations are the main cause of infant death in the United States. A 48-year-old woman recollected her episodes with the birth and later death of her two children with distinctive chromosome disorders. She differed her fierce suffer with her first baby to her dramatically better encounter 10 years later with her second baby. When the woman was 30 years old, she got a call at work from the obstetrician’s office that her genetic screen was abnormal. A follow-up amniocentesis showed that her growing baby had Edwards syndrome. The woman selected to carry on her pregnancy. When her daughter was born, the mother felt very little assistance from the physicians and nurses. She described them as a task directed and very clinical. When she was released home with her baby the mother felt left behind by the health care system; her only contact with he alth care professionals being her baby’s pediatrician, who had never cared for a child with this disease during his 20 years of service. After around ten years, the woman got to be pregnant with her child. Because of her age and history of having a previous child with a chromosome disorder, as a reassurance, the woman selected to have an amniocentesis. However, the results showed she was pregnant with a male fetus who had Patau syndrome. In comparison to her preceding experience, she was directed to a pediatric hospice service. The nurses’ and physicians’ skill about Patau syndrome and the expected clinical course was reassured to the woman. The nurse made sure all labor and delivery, and postnatal staff were informed about Patau syndrome and aware of the expected birth as well as the plan for relief attention. The nurse kept up touch with the woman during the pregnancy and gave hospice care during the woman’s son’s 12-week life span (Calzone et al ., 2010). Conclusion Evidence based practice in nursing is based on the idea that medical practices need to be adapted and amended based on the continuing cycle of evidence, theory and research. As the research continues new issues were found and theories are developed forcing changes in practice. Genetic engineering involves manipulation of the organisms genome utilizing biotechnology. Nurses work close to the patient more than any other healthcare professional. Due to the same reason nurses could easily observe the changes in patients. Evidences show nurses who have the proper knowledge in genetics could save many lives and improve a patients quality of life. Therefore educating and training nurses and keeping them up-to-date with the latest technological advances will be an addition to the overall healthcare. Reference Calzone, K. A., Cashion, A., Feetham, S., Jenkins, J., Prows, C. A., Williams, J. K., Wung, S. F. (2010). Nurses transforming health care using genetics and genomics. Nursing Outlook, 58(1), doi: 10.1016/j.outlook.2009.05.001 Duke University Medical Center Library. (2013, December 06). What is evidence-based practice (ebp)? . Retrieved from http://guides.mclibrary.duke.edu/content.php?pid=431451sid=3529499 Lea, D. H. (2008). Genetic and genomic healthcare: Ethical issues of importance to nurses. The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 13(1) National Human Genome Research Institute. (2007, November). ELSI research program. Retrieved from www.genome.gov/10001618 The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. (2013). Genetic engineering. Retrieved from http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Genetic manipulation

Emily Brontës Wuthering Heights :: essays research papers

The intensity of feeling between Catherine and Heathclif defies family barriers imposed by Catherine's brother ,Hindley after their father's death. Heathcliff was ill-treated by Hindley after the death of the old Earnshaw: He drove him from their company to the servants, deprived him of the instructions of the curate †¦ He bore his degradation pretty well at first, because Cathy taught him what she learnt, and work or play with him in the fields. They both promised fair to grow up as rude as savages, the young master being entirely negligent how they behave, and what they did, so they keep clear of him†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ and the after punishment grew a mere thing to laugh at. The crute might set as many chapters as he pleased for Catherine to get by heart, and Joseph might thrash Heathcliff till his arm ached, they forget everything the minute they were together again. (Pg 44) Thus, it is clearly obvious that since childhood their feeling for each other defies all the family barriers imposed on them. No outside force would be strong enough to eclipse their emotions. Even when she grows old enough for the question of marriage to arise, Catherine's relationship with Heathcliff remains much as it was when they were children. The way the two spirit intertwined are clearly illustrated in Catherine's speech below: My great miseries in this world have been Heathcliff"s miseries; my great thought in living is himself. If all else perish, and he remained, I should still continue to be; and if all else remained, and he were annihilated, the Universe would turn to mighty stranger. I should not seem a part of it. My love for Linton is like the foliage in the woods. Time will change it, I'm well aware, as winter changes the trees-my love for Heathcliff resembles the eternal rocks beneath-a source of little visible delight, but necessary. Nelly, I am Heathcliff-He's always in my mind-not as a pleasure, any more than I am always a pleasure to myself-but, as my own being- so, don't talk of our separation again-it is impracticable†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Catherine loves both Heathcliff and Edger Linton on different basis-She loves Linton because he is handsome, and pleasant, and young, and cheerful, and rich, and loves her. Her love for Heathcliff is a must: it is the deepest impulse of her nature, it is "necessary". Through her feeling for Heathcliff, Catherine discovers her own identity, her place in the world-as he does through her.

Essay on Mission, Vision and Strategy

Mission, Vision, Values & Goals David Grusenmeyer Sr. Extension Associate, PRO-DAIRY Introduction Teams and team building efforts are popular buzzwords in today’s work environment. Bringing individuals together in the workplace and getting them to work together as an effective team is a challenge. The sports team analogy is often sighted and sought after in the workplace, but seldom achieved. What is it about successful sports teams that make them function so well as teams? Several observations stand out: 1.The coaches or captains are successful at establishing the same vision in the mind of each team member; that at the end of the season they will be #1 in their league, city, state, or nation. 2. All members share a common team mission or goal; to win each and every game they play. 3. There’s an opponent, or a goal to be bested, and everyone knows clearly who or what it is. 4. Each player has a personal mission and goals that mesh with or complement those of the team; to perform their part of each play during the game to the best of their ability. 5.Each team member knows their position and how their individual efforts contribute to the team’s success. They also know their teammates depend on them. Business owners/managers will experience success in team building and success in their business to the extent they: 1. Have clearly defined organizational mission, vision, values and goals. 2. Clearly articulate the mission, vision, values and goals to everyone involved with the business. 3. Mesh the business’s mission, vision, values and goals tightly into those of each individual so that in achieving individual goals and visions, business goals and visions are also achieved.Think about your business. Is there a clearly identified vision of where the farm is headed? How will the business look or operate in one, two, five or ten years? If you don’t know where you’re going any road will take you there. And, if you can’ t clearly describe where you’re headed how can you expect your family members, employees, or agri-service professionals to help you get there? Do you have a clearly defined mission? Why is your farm in business? What do you hope to achieve? Does everyone on the farm ? family, employees, and agri-service representatives ? know what that mission is?Do they see your commitment to it everyday? Have they accepted the mission as important to them? Does each individual know how their efforts contribute to the mission? 1 Are there specific goals and objectives? Does everyone accept these goals and see how achieving farm goals will help them achieve their own personal goals? Are the goals and objectives translated into work performance standards and expectations for each employee? These are not easy questions, but as we increasingly depend on the talents and efforts of others to make our farm successful, answering them affirmatively becomes ever more important.Core Values Even though we frequently talk about mission and vision first, the basic underlying foundation for both are our core values. Core values are the principles and standards at the very center of our character, and from which we will not budge or stray. Core values are extremely stable and change only very slowly over long periods of time. Core values form the basis for our beliefs about life, ourselves and those around us, and the human potential of ourselves and others. Values and beliefs form our attitudes and guide our behavior.The behaviors we engage in are what people around us see, along with our skills and actions. Our outer or public shell of behaviors and skills can change rapidly and dramatically through our lives, influenced by our environment and guided by our more stable core values and beliefs. 2 For some people identifying and communicating personal core values can be a difficult task. Core values are so close to the center of who we are that they tend to be very protected and not s hared with others until a personal relationship has been established.The fact that these values are so central to what’s important to us individually, makes it all the more important to think about them first as a basis for establishing sound and meaningful mission, vision and goals in both our life and business. Once the values of an individual or organization are identified, it’s frequently useful to rank them from more to less important. Then when questions come up later where one value must be traded off against another the decision will be easier to make and communicate. For example, say the core values of a farm business are efficiency, family, safety and respect for others.If a question comes up about implementing a practice that will improve operational efficiency but may compromise the health and safety of employees, knowing the relative importance of efficiency versus safety will help guide the decision. If an employee’s child is hospitalized are they expected to be at the farm for their shift regardless, or with their child in the hospital? Knowing the relative importance of family versus operational efficiency will help answer that question. It won’t necessarily make these decisions easy or totally objective but it will bring some guidance and consistency to the decision making process.In the high stakes game of professional football Tom Landry coached the Dallas Cowboys for years. Win or loose he always maintained a cool, calm, stoic presence on the sideline. A reporter once asked him how he was able to maintain such a calm focus with all the pressures. Coach Landry replied it’s easy because I have my priorities straight. First is my God, second my wife, third my family and fourth is football, so if I loose on the weekend I have lots of more important things to support me through the week. Defining your core values first will help you get your priorities in order.Mission A personal mission or a farm business miss ion statement deals with questions like, â€Å"Why are we here? †, â€Å"Why do we exist? †, â€Å"Why do we get up each day and do what we do? †, â€Å"What is it that we get paid for? † â€Å"What function does the organization perform? For whom? How? † The mission is a broad statement of personal or business scope, purpose and operation that distinguishes me, or my farm, from others. A farm business cannot have values, beliefs or a mission outside of the people who makeup that business.Therefore, especially for small closely held businesses, it’s important that each principle in the business write their own personal mission statement first, then come together as a group or team to develop a mission statement for the business. 3 A farm business mission statement reflects the core values and beliefs of the individuals who lead the business. To the extent there are large differences between a farm mission and a personal mission, or between f arm business values and personal core values, there will be discord and friction for that individual within the business.Weather you’re an owner, an employee or a consultant, one way to help assure happiness and fulfillment at work is to be certain your values and mission are in alignment with those of the business. People have been known to become physically ill from the stress of working in a business where their core values were at odds with the values and ethics practiced in the business In addition to giving structure and direction to an individual or business, well-written mission statements are excellent tools to inform others about what’s important to you and how you operate your business.Example mission statement 1: â€Å"Our priorities are God, family (people), business. Our goal is to be a place where people (our most valuable asset) have the opportunity to grow spiritually, personally, intellectually, and financially. Through putting God first and people s econd, our success as individuals and as a business is guaranteed. † Example mission statement 2: â€Å"To produce large quantities of high-quality milk as economically as possible, in order to provide an adequate standard of living for both owners and employees. These two mission statements communicate very different notions about what’s important on these two farms and also give some indication that day-to-day business may be conducted differently as a result. Any mission statement that concisely represents truth and reality about the individual or the farm is a good mission statement. Likewise, any statement that doesn’t honestly and accurately represent the values and beliefs of the individual or the farm is a poor mission statement, regardless of what is says or how good it sounds.If excellence is a stated value or the pursuit of excellence a stated mission, yet average, industry standard, or legal requirement is â€Å"good enough†, then what is the real commitment to excellence? Do they really â€Å"live† their stated mission? Mission statements serve to inform employees, friends, neighbors, and agribusiness people about what’s important to you and your business. They also serve as anchors and guideposts for both strategic and operational or tactical decision making on the farm. Vision While a mission is a statement of what is, a vision is a statement of what or how you would like things to be.A picture of the future you’re working to create, what you want to be when you grow up, what you want your business to become. 4 Without a vision of where you’re going how can you develop a plan to get there and how will you know when you’ve arrived? Without a vision of where we would like to be, we can continue hiking various trails through life, climbing mountain after mountain, only to discover each time that we’ve arrived somewhere we really don’t want to be. Nothing was ever created w ithout a vision. It guides us, gives us direction and purpose, and can serve as a powerful motivator for those around us and ourselves.In order to truly guide and motivate a vision must: 1. Be aligned with the core values of both the individuals and the farm business. and 2. Be effectively communicated to and accepted by everyone involved in the farm. The more precise and detailed you can be in writing a description of your vision of the future, the easier it will be to communicate it to others and gain their commitment to it, and the more likely you will be to achieve it. Being able to articulate a clear vision of the future is essential if you expect employees and agri-service consultants to help you get there.Success comes through bringing aboard people ? as partners, employees or consultants ? with core values that fit well with the business, and who understand and accept the business mission and vision as matching closely with their own. Developing visions and missions that are truly shared takes time, effort, energy and commitment. You can’t expect that just because you develop mission and vision statements, read them at a staff meeting and even hand them out in printed form, that everyone will immediately accept and work toward achieving them.You need to walk the talk and be totally committed to them yourself first, and then discuss them with your employees and consultants at least eight or ten times before they will believe you’re really serious and begin to internalize these statements. Goals & Objectives Mission and vision, although frequently short statements, are broad, encompassing and far-reaching. They can often seem overwhelming and perhaps even impossible to achieve. The metaphors, â€Å"How do you eat an elephant? – One bite at a time† and â€Å"A journey of a thousand miles begins with the first step†, fit well in regard to achieving a mission and vision.Goals and objectives create the bite size pieces, the road map and manageable stepping stones to achieve the mission, make the vision a reality, and navigate the course we have set for our business, or for ourselves. 5 Reading the business literature is confusing as to what’s a goal and what’s an objective, they’re used interchangeably from one business author to another. The education literature however is consistent and specific. Goals are the bigger fuzzy things and objectives are the small: – S pecific – M easurable – A ttainable – R ewarding – T imed steps through which we achieve our goals.It doesn’t really matter what we call them as long as we keep in mind the principle of, â€Å"start small and break it down to minuscule† in terms of identifying the steps that will move us in the direction we want to go. While it’s possible to get bogged down in minutiae, the reality is, few people error on the side of too much detail when it comes to writing goals a nd objectives. More often than not employees are confused and frustrated by a lack of detail. To be effective goals and objectives must be written. If they aren’t in writing they’re merely ideas with no real power or conviction behind them.Written goals and objectives provide motivation to achieve them and can then be used as a reminder to you and others. Clearly and specifically written, they also eliminate confusion and misunderstanding. Among all the attributes of a well-written objective, the most important are measurable results and a timeframe for completion. Being able to quantify results and evaluate the timeliness of accomplishing goals allows owners or managers to assess the performance and progress of the overall business as well as individuals and teams within the business.Having well developed goals and objectives also helps: Maintain focus and perspective Establish priorities Lead to greater job satisfaction Improve employee performance. Researchers study ing the effects of goals as part of a company’s overall performance management process found that the level of performance is highest when: Goals are clearly stated and contain specific objectives Goals are challenging but not unreasonable Employees accept their goals with a true sense of ownership Employees participate in setting and reviewing their goals.As time goes on and goals are achieved, or conditions and situations change, it’s important to reevaluate and establish new goals and objectives. Failure to periodically 6 set new or more challenging goals can lead to stagnation in the business and boredom among employees. Finally, as goals are achieved or milestones along the way are reached, providing positive feedback and rewards for yourself and employees is critical to maintaining enthusiasm and continued progress. What’s Your Goal Setting Quotient? Yes 1. I work from a comprehensive business plan or a formal long-range strategic plan.My business (team) h as an operational plan that is revised annually. Each of my family members and employees has an individual plan that covers his/her goals for the year. I meet with my family members or employees regularly to review progress toward their goals. I meet with my team regularly to check on progress toward goals. When a goal is set I make sure it’s monitored and doesn’t fall through the cracks. I build my relationships with family members and employees around tasks we mutually identify and pursue. I feel good when I relinquish control and pass responsibility on to others.Business goals are set by all the key people, not just by me. No 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. I praise my family members and employees freely and publicly when they accomplish their goals. A yes to all 10 puts you at the top in management proficiency with regard to goal setting. 7 Summary The following analogy of a group of people carpooling together may help to pull things together. It would be very difficul t for everyone in a carpool to make a decision on whether to turn right, left or go straight at the next intersection if each was headed for a different destination.If they’re all going to the same place, they may have different ideas on which way to turn and exactly how to get to where they’re going. One may like the scenic route, another knows about road construction that should be avoided, a third may want to take a shortcut and arrive early, a fourth may need to run an errand along the way. Since their destination is the same, even though there is diversity in their ideas, they should be able to reach a consensus decision on the route to take based on information provided by each.Likewise in a business it’s difficult or impossible to agree on strategic or even tactical decisions if everyone in the business ? owners, managers, family members, employees ? are not all headed in the same direction, toward the same mission and vision. If a family, a business, or a team doesn’t have a common direction ? mission, vision and core values ? arguments will occur surrounding nearly every decision and agreements may be impossible. Developing shared mission, vision and values is the first step in laying a foundation for making strategic and tactical decisions that will move the business forward.Having them in place won’t eliminate arguments and disagreements, but at least the disagreement will be about how to best get to the same endpoint as opposed to heading in opposite directions. Getting Started Discovering and developing a business’s mission, vision and values is not an easy task. For small and closely held businesses the business mission, vision and values stem from those of the individuals involved, it makes sense that each individual should first identify their personal mission, vision, values and goals and then come together to develop them for the business.The following worksheets are designed to help you work through the process of identifying your personal core values and developing a personal mission statement. Some of them may also be useful in developing your business mission and vision statements. I recommend using all of the worksheet exercises in the sequence in which they appear here. However, these are simply tools to help you through the process so feel free to use any or all of them in whatever sequence you believe will be helpful.The objective is to get you thinking from several different perspectives about what is important to you and what you stand for. 8 Characteristics Survey Below is a list of 20 personal characteristics arranged in alphabetical order. Rank each item according to the importance of that characteristic for YOU. Study the list carefully. Then place a 1 next to the characteristic that is most important for you; place a 2 next to the second most important characteristic, etc. The characteristic that is least important to you, relative to the others, should be ranked 20. Work slowly and think carefully.If you change your mind, feel free to change the ranking. The end results should show how you truly feel. Add characteristics that are important to you but missing from the list. _____Ambitious (hard working, aspiring) _____Broadminded (open-minded, tolerant, accepting) _____Capable (competent, effective) _____Cheerful (lighthearted, joyful, happy) _____Courageous (brave, standing up for your beliefs) _____Dependable (reliable, trustworthy, responsible) _____Forgiving (willing to pardon others) _____Friendly (pleasant, warm, outgoing, good-natured) _____Helpful working for the welfare of others) _____Honest (sincere, truthful) _____Imaginative (daring, creative, original) _____Independent (self-reliant, self-sufficient) _____Intellectual (intelligent, reflective, knowledgeable) _____Logical (consistent, rational, realistic) _____Loving (affectionate, tender) _____Obedient (dutiful, respectful) _____Organized (clean, neat, tidy) _____Polite (courte ous, well-mannered, respectful) _____Self-confident (self-assured, poised, self-aware) _____Self-controlled (restrained, self-disciplined) _____ ____________________________________ 9 Values SurveyBelow is a list of 20 values arranged in alphabetical order. Rank them in order of their importance to YOU as guiding principals in YOUR life. Study the list carefully. Then place a 1 next to the value that is most important for you; place a 2 next to the value that is second most important to you, etc. The value that is least important, relative to the others, should be ranked 20. Work slowly and think carefully. If you change your mind, feel free to change your numbers. The end results should show how you truly feel. Add values that are important to you but missing from the list. ____Achievement (attaining personal and professional goals, accomplishment) _____A comfortable life (a prosperous life, adequate finances) _____Equality (brotherhood, equal opportunity for all, fairness) _____An exciting life (a stimulating, active life) _____Family security (caring for loved ones, being cared for) _____Freedom (independence, free choice, autonomy) _____Happiness (contentedness, fulfillment) _____Inner Harmony (freedom from inner conflict, accord, balance) _____Leaving a legacy (something that endures after you are gone) _____Mature love (sexual and spiritual intimacy) _____National security (protection from attack) _____Pleasure (an enjoyable, leisurely life) _____Salvation (deliverance from sin, eternal life) _____Self-respect (self-esteem, pride, self-worth) _____A sense of accomplishment (making a lasting contribution) _____Social recognition (respect, admiration, appreciation) _____True friendship (close companionship, love) _____Wisdom (a mature understanding of life, insight, knowledge) _____A world at peace (freedom from war and conflict) _____A world of beauty (beauty of nature and the arts) _____ ______________________________________ 10 What’s Important ? Look back at your ranking of values and personal characteristics. Are there values or personal characteristics that are important to you and are not listed? If so, add them to your list. Now list below, in rank order of importance, your top eight most important values and top eight most important personal characteristics. These are your core values and characteristics that you would not compromise on or stray from regardless of the situation. Values Characteristics 11 My Roles In Life Identify all the roles you play in your life (e. g. aughter, son, student, employee, parent, grandparent, husband, wife, church member, school board member, local charity committee member, etc. ). Then describe the purpose you serve in that role. Why you do it? What’s important about it? Who depends on you? Who benefits? Role Your Purpose In That Role 12 Interacting With People To a great extent getting along in this world means getting along with and interacting with people. List ways that you successfully interact with people. Examples: Advise Teach Encourage Stimulate Help Sell Enthuse Entertain Lead Educate Motivate Study Provide Serve Reassure Manage Love Inspire Plan Excite Support 13 If I Won an Award If I won an award, what would the award be for?What would I want the presenter to say about me? What would my parents, grandparents, spouse, children, siblings be proud to hear about me? 14 What Do I Want In Life ? What do I want people to say about me in 10 years. . . , 20 years. . . , when I die? What do I want to accomplish in my life? What do I want to do (experience) in my life? What do I want to have (posses) in my life? 15 A Perfect World Visualize your perfect world. How does it look? What are people doing? What are people saying? How does it feel? Write a description of this perfect world. Example: My perfect world is a place where people know their destinations and enjoy their life journeys.My perfect world is a world at peace where people are helpful, frien dly and truly care about everyone. My perfect world is a world where I am in close contact with my God, my family, my friends and my environment. My perfect world . . . 16 Personal Mission Statement Combine words and concepts from your values list, characteristics list, roles in your life, interacting with people list, and things you want in life, along with your description of a perfect world, to create your personal mission statement. Example: My life purpose is to use my energy and my people skills to teach and motivate people to know their destination and enjoy their life journey. My life purpose is . . . 17

Essay Analysis

Essay Analysis (Name) (University/Institution) â€Å"And You Will Know Us by the Trail of German Butterballs† By Jonathan Kauffman Many Americans are discovering the value of locally or own grown food. By doing this, they help reduce the carbon print while at the same time supporting local business (Elton). The general concern posed by the writer in this article is how the local-foods movement is gradually becoming a global trend. As the author sites how the movement is steadily growing, he also expresses his concerns regarding it. Without proper standards to oversee the movement, the author expresses fear that it will decline sharply. The first section of this article deals with a brief history of locavorism. In this section, the writer goes into some of the history of the movement and how the movement has changed from a small group of friends to be the largest, most influential food trend in the country. From the beginning, of the article we are given hints that the author is in support of the idea of locavorism when he tells us how he favours local foods over certified organic ones and the reasons why, even though he states that the movement still has a long way to go. In the next section, the author talks about how the idea behind the local foods movement is slowly permeating into the wine world. Even though, the phenomenal seems very different from the locavore movement, the passion for specificity is the same. Wine sellers have resorted to import wines from places like Europe and South America as opposed to buying local products. In the final section, the writer ponders over the pros and cons of the locavorism moment. He goes on to compare the number of people behind the ovement at present as opposed to how it was five years ago. He further expounds on the effects of cost and prices on consuming local foods and how Corporate America has its eye on the locavore movement. As the piece comes to an end, the author explores the position of the locavorism movement in the present world and how it is on its way to become a powerful trend. The author’s description of locavorism presents a setting of the story that is essential in understanding the writer’s view with regards to the movement. Even though, he goes ahead and lists reasons why the locavore movement has not caught on yet, he provides subtle hints that he is for the idea. One feature of a good essay is that it should present a logical flow of ideas, especially from one paragraph to the next. The author has taken this into account, and his mastery of this subject is quite impressive. The writer ends the piece by stating that if the locavore movement is to expand, then it should borrow a leaf from Radiohead, one of the world’s largest rock bands. The strength of this article lies in his layout of the characteristics of the local foods movement. Maybe this is one of the best analyses I have read regarding the subject. The writer has in depth knowledge about food, and this is evident from his style of writing. He illustrates this in a clear but concise manner while covering all the main points thoroughly. Work Cited Elton, Sarah. Locavore: from farmers' fields to rooftop gardens : how Canadians are changing the way we eat. Pennsylvania: HarperCollins, 2010.

Free Essays on Causes Of Teen Alcoholism

Speech: Causes of alcoholism among teenagers Today I am going to be talking about the causes of alcoholism among teenagers. Why do teenagers drink alcohol? Why do they get drunk when they go to pubs? All of us have been very well informed about the adverse psychological and physical effects alcoholism may have on ourselves and to our peers. I am not here to discuss about these effects, but instead to point out the underlying causes of alcoholism among teenagers. What makes teenagers dependent on drink or in some cases addicted to drink? Researches have categorized these causes into three main categories: social, psychological and biological. Out of which I’ll point out the social and psychological factors of alcoholism. Everyone wants to be popular and â€Å"cool† and be accepted by people, it is a basic human need. Nobody wants to be left alone or isolated, or be called as a â€Å"loser†. Among teenage circles, alcoholism symbolizes unity, friendship and sociability. And it is a mean by which teenagers can quench their thirst for acceptance by a group. Teenagers go through a difficult time of rebellion, one of the characteristics of adolescence. We all have frequent arguments and little petty fights with our parents. This truly expresses our general rejection of conventional adult standards. This is another cause of alcohol use and possible abuse youths. The third cause is a symbol of aggressive and masculine behaviour. As we all know, it is more commonly found in boys. Teenagers like to create their sense of power and authority for themselves, by being able to outdo the next person in drinking competitions. Such competitiveness is conducive to an abusive drinking style. Teenagers find themselves in a stage between childhood and adulthood. Teenagers try to imitate others and want others to recognize them as adults. There is a belief among teenagers that drinking symbolizes adult status, and therefore b... Free Essays on Causes Of Teen Alcoholism Free Essays on Causes Of Teen Alcoholism Speech: Causes of alcoholism among teenagers Today I am going to be talking about the causes of alcoholism among teenagers. Why do teenagers drink alcohol? Why do they get drunk when they go to pubs? All of us have been very well informed about the adverse psychological and physical effects alcoholism may have on ourselves and to our peers. I am not here to discuss about these effects, but instead to point out the underlying causes of alcoholism among teenagers. What makes teenagers dependent on drink or in some cases addicted to drink? Researches have categorized these causes into three main categories: social, psychological and biological. Out of which I’ll point out the social and psychological factors of alcoholism. Everyone wants to be popular and â€Å"cool† and be accepted by people, it is a basic human need. Nobody wants to be left alone or isolated, or be called as a â€Å"loser†. Among teenage circles, alcoholism symbolizes unity, friendship and sociability. And it is a mean by which teenagers can quench their thirst for acceptance by a group. Teenagers go through a difficult time of rebellion, one of the characteristics of adolescence. We all have frequent arguments and little petty fights with our parents. This truly expresses our general rejection of conventional adult standards. This is another cause of alcohol use and possible abuse youths. The third cause is a symbol of aggressive and masculine behaviour. As we all know, it is more commonly found in boys. Teenagers like to create their sense of power and authority for themselves, by being able to outdo the next person in drinking competitions. Such competitiveness is conducive to an abusive drinking style. Teenagers find themselves in a stage between childhood and adulthood. Teenagers try to imitate others and want others to recognize them as adults. There is a belief among teenagers that drinking symbolizes adult status, and therefore b...

Risk Management Week 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Risk Management Week 4 - Essay Example However, business enterprises must be aware of possible risk factors in respect to data integrity, data availability, and data disposal while outsourcing data storage to external providers. Service providers need to manage the data of several businesses, and hence they might host all these data on the same storage server. Under this circumstance, the organization must ensure that its data are not mixed with others’ data and are separated by the application of proper virtualization software so as to enhance data integrity. As Kaur (2007) points out, timely data availability often becomes a challenge while outsourcing data storage to external parties. In order to address this issue, the organization must clearly prioritize its data availability requirements so that the service provider can properly place the data on the server (p. 110). Finally, in order to improve data security business houses must make sure that external service providers no longer store the unwanted or expire d data. When hiring an enterprise service provider for processing information system applications including payroll, workforce management, and sales order taking, organizations actually put a part of their operations in the hands of someone else. If the service provider is not trustworthy, this business practice will dreadfully affect even the survival of the firm. There are many rules and regulations governing the operations of enterprise service providers. Therefore, prior to contracting out a business function, a firm must ensure that the chosen service provider strictly adheres to such rules and regulations. In addition, it is good for companies to choose enterprise service providers who have a strong reputation for their previous business dealings. Experts suggest that an extensive research would assist firms to identify a reliable service provider in this

Observation report project on early childhood facility Research Paper

Observation report project on early childhood facility - Research Paper Example This child development center has about nineteen classrooms and is located on Main Base in building 10 across Sollars Elementary School and is open from 6:00 am to 6:30 am. For people who want to apply for child care, they have to fill a form called: DD Form 2606, the Department of Defense Child Development Program Request for Care Record The child development centre has certain goals like enhancing the social skills of the child, encouraging the child to think, reason, question and experiment, building physical and developmental skills etc. The child development center offers full hourly and day care for the children. The center based on the availability of program also provides special care to children who face physical or developmental challenges meeting the needs of the child with guidance from a therapist, physician, or other appropriate health professionals. Those who have children facing development, physical or other type of challenges need to bring a copy of their child†™s Individual Education Plan (IEP) or Individual Family Services Plan (IFSP). The accommodations provided to the physically or developmentally challenged child would be based on the child’s IEP or IFSP. The Child development center is open for all who arrive to Misawa air base on orders which includes military as well as DoD civilians. Child care’s fee is only totally based on family’s annual income. There are different categories and different price range for different children. There is a wait list also for child care which is dependent on child’s age; the longest waiting period is for the infants and toddlers child care, due to the ratio, and space allocated. In such cases, it is advisable to get onto the inbound wait list before arriving to Misawa in order to reduce the waiting period. The programs offered by the childhood center support the development of the child in all areas of child development as they are interrelated and very important. In th is center, each child’s unique experiences and interests as well as abilities and needs are given great respect. There are three types of child care services provided at the child development centre in Misawa: 1 Full day/week care: Those parents who are working and are busy and cannot look after their child for 5 to 10 hours a day apply for this type of care. 2 Hourly or drop-in care: This type of care service is based only if there is space availability and to avail this service the person must call in the morning to reserve a spot. 3 Part day enrichment: Parents of children from 3-5 ages who do not need a full-day service but have the desire to let their child participate in an early childhood program apply for this type of care. SUMMARY: This child development center provides quality care to the children enrolled at the centre. The caregivers at the center mingle well with all the children as they are warm, friendly and gentle. People with whom all children are comfortable due to their appropriate, nurturing manner towards the children. They understand what the child needs and helps them out in all possible ways and at the same time making sure that children don’t become too dependent on others. They even practice in front of children what they preach, for instance, the

Mark Steinberg's Voices of Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Mark Steinberg's Voices of Revolution - Essay Example Steinberg re-hashes the demonstrations of June and the days of July giving extra-special detail to top-level political decisions and machinations. In analyzing the activity of the lower class, he highlights looting and violence, that he refers to as protests of the lower class. He concludes that this â€Å"gave expression to a good deal of clearly directed anger and hatred† (Steinberg & Schwartz, 2003 p270). Steinberg points out in this section that moderate socialists, the far left, Kerensky and the re-energized right were of the opinion that only firm order would halt the further disintegration of Russia (Steinberg & Schwartz, 2003 p273). Steinberg continues to put emphasis on an effort, born of his own consciousness, to veer Bolshevism away from the center of this narrative. He does this by devoting more attention to the creation of Kerensky’s directory, for example, as well as the democratic conference and Moscow State Conference (Steinberg & Schwartz, 2003 p275). He does this instead of dwelling on the Bolshevik emergence in a majority of the soviets and the power seizure in October. Steinberg in this section explains the crisis and social breakdown that plagued Russia in this period by using the October revolution. The October revolution was about every-day people claiming power over their daily lives and the circumstances governing that life they held dear. Worth noting, however, is that Steinberg’s analysis, especially as laid down in this section, gives decreased attention to the rational approach of their efforts. The decreased attention to this is at the expense of their expressive and emotiona l intent, in particular the desire for retribution by the lower class on the social elites (Steinberg & Schwartz, 2003 p277). On July 1, there were demands of â€Å"all power to the soviets† by the second Gun regiment, as the third infantry regiment declined to send companies as a replacement to the front. Immediately after reception of orders to send help to the front, machine gunners in their thousands held an impromptu meeting to plan artillery backed insurrection. As the Bolsheviks attempted to calm things down, anarchists added more wood to the fire. The soldiers, fully armed took a decision to march while sending delegates from factories that, as workers, had to drop everything and join in the march. Soon, over 50,000 of them went marching all the while demanding All Power to the people (Steinberg & Schwartz, 2003 p279). The Bolsheviks at this point had no choice but to support the masses as long as they were peaceful in

Technical Certificate unit worksheet Essay Example for Free

Technical Certificate unit worksheet Essay 1. Explain how a working relationship is different from a personal relationship (1.1.1) A working relationship is where you are placed with other people and work as part of a team, where each individual is working following professional codes of practise, towards the achievement of shared aims and objectives. You do not necessarily have to like the people you work with but you need to keep personal opinions and feelings to yourself. Mutual respect and understanding is a key factor in developing a good working relationship. A personal relationship is a relationship formed through choice, with someone you like, who you share interests and feelings with. In personal relationships there isn’t any set rules or procedures to follow and you are able to voice your opinions. 2. Describe different working relationships in health and social care settings (1.1.2) There are many different relationships in health and social care settings, these include relationships between careers and service users, careers and other health care professionals, such as GP’s and nurses, careers and service users families and between colleagues and managements. For each of these you will develop a different type of working relationship, but you should always remain professional. 3. Describe why it is important to adhere to the agreed scope of the job role (2.2.1) It’s important to adhere to agreed scope of your job role as you have agreed with your job description within your contract, so it’s your legal  obligation to work within it. By following your job role you are working alongside your company’s policies and procedures and giving the best quality of care you can. 4. Outline what is meant by agreed ways of working (2.2.2) Agreed ways of working means that all care workers should work in accordance with policies and procedures, roles and responsibilities within job descriptions which their employees have set out. 5. Explain the importance of full and up-to-date details of agreed ways of working (2.2.3) It’s important so that care homes or environments are run in accordance with legislations. So staff adhere to agreed standards and regulations at all times. It also means that service users will not be put at any risk. 6. Explain why it is important to work in partnership with others (3.3.1) It’s important to form professional relationships with team members, colleagues, other professionals as well as individuals and their families in order to promote effective communication and effective ways of sharing accurate information. It will help to give service users the best possible care as everyone will be clear on each service user’s needs, wishes and preferences 7. Identify ways of working that can help improve partnership working (3.3.2) We can improve partnership working through effective communication and information sharing. By working as a team and having regular staff meetings, with colleagues and other health care professionals. 8. Identify skills and approaches needed for resolving conflicts (3.3.3) You should try to handle conflict situations by remaining calm, ending the conflict before it escalates and remaining respectful of others. You should  try to demonstrate active listening and discuss the situation in a calm and rational manner to try and resolve the conflict. 9. Explain how and when to access support and advice about: (3.3.4) a.partnership working- you can get support and advise from other colleagues, your manager, supervisor or other external agencies such as CQC. b. resolving conflicts- it’s always worth trying to resolve conflict with the individual, but if you can’t then you should speak to your manager. Further issues can be address with HR who can offer you support on resolving conflict and may offer you mediation services to help you with this. Once you have completed, your Learning Advisor will be able to cross reference all knowledge into Unit 4222-206 of the diploma Patricia Whyte – LA- Qube Learning

Law Of Diminishing Marginal Utility Economics Essay

Law Of Diminishing Marginal Utility Economics Essay Managerial Economics is the intergration of bridges the gap between economic theory with business practice so as to facilitate decision making Comment outline the nature and scope of Managerial Economics in light of this statement. Spencer and Siegelman have defined Managerial Economics as the integration of economic theory with business practice for the purpose of facilitating decision-making and forward planning by management. The above definitions suggest that Managerial economics is the discipline, which deals with the application of economic theory to business management. Managerial Economics thus lies on the margin between economics and business management and serves as the bridge between the two disciplines. The following Figure 1.1 shows the relationship between economics, business management and managerial economics. pg-2 NATURE OF MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS There are certain chief characteristics of managerial economics, which can help to understand the nature of the subject matter and help in a clear understanding of the following terms: Managerial economics is micro-economic in character. This is because the unit of study is a firm and its problems. Managerial economics does not deal with the entire economy as a unit of study. Managerial economics largely uses that body of economic concepts and principles, which is known as Theory of the Firm or Economics of the Firm. Managerial economics is concrete and realistic. It avoids difficult abstract issues of economic theory. But it also involves complications ignored in economic theory in order to face the overall situation in which decisions are made. Economic theory ignores the variety of backgrounds and training found in individual firms. Managerial economics belongs to normative economics rather than positive economics. Normative economy is the branch of economics in which judgments about the desirability of various policies are made. Positive economics describes how the economy behaves and predicts how it might change. In other words, managerial economics is prescriptive rather than descriptive. It remains confined to descriptive hypothesis. Managerial economics also simplifies the relations among different variables without judging what is desirable or undesirable. For instance, the law of demand states that as price increases, demand goes down or vice-versa but this statement does not imply if the result is desirable or not. Managerial economics, however, is concerned with what decisions ought to be made and hence involves value judgments. This further has two aspects: first, it tells what aims and objectives a firm should pursue; and secondly, how best to achieve these aims in particular situations. Macroeconomics is also useful to managerial economics since it provides an intelligent understanding of the business environment. This understanding enables a business executive to adjust with the external forces that are beyond the managements control but which play a crucial role in the well being of the firm. SCOPE OF MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS As regards the scope of managerial economics, there is no general uniform pattern. However, the following aspects may be said to be inclusive under managerial economics: Demand analysis and forecasting. Cost and production analysis. Pricing decisions, policies and practices. Profit management. Capital management. Demand Analysis and Forecasting A business firm is an economic Organisation, which transforms productive resources into goods that are to be sold in a market. A major part of managerial decision-making depends on accurate estimates of demand. This is because before production schedules can be prepared and resources are employed, a forecast of future sales is essential. This forecast can also guide the management in maintaining or strengthening the market position and enlarging profits. The demand analysis helps to identify the various factors influencing demand for a firms product and thus provides guidelines to manipulate demand. Demand analysis and forecasting, thus, is essential for business planning and occupies a strategic place in managerial economics. It comprises of discovering the forces determining sales and their measurementDemand determinants Demand distinctions Demand forecasting. Cost and Production Analysis A study of economic costs, combined with the data drawn from the firms accounting records, can yield significant cost estimates. These estimates are useful for management decisions. The factors causing variations in costs must be recognised and thereby should be used for taking management decisions. This facilitates the management to arrive at cost estimates, which are significant for planning purposes. An element of cost uncertainty exists in this because all the factors determining costs are not always known or controllable. Therefore, it is essential to discover economic costs and measure them for effective profit planning, cost control and sound pricing practices. Production analysis is narrower in scope than cost analysis. The chief topics covered under cost and production analysis are: Cost concepts and classifications Cost-output relationships Economics of scale Production functions Cost control. Pricing Decisions, Policies and Practices Pricing is a very important area of managerial economics. In fact price is the origin of the revenue of a firm. As such the success of a usiness firm largely depends on the accuracy of price decisions of that firm. The important aspects dealt under area, are as follows: Price determination in various market forms Pricing methods Differential pricing product-line pricing and price forecasting. Profit Management Business firms are generally organised with the purpose of making profits. In the long run, profits provide the chief measure of success. In this connection, an important point worth considering is the element of uncertainty existing about profits. This uncertainty occurs because of variations in costs and revenues. These are caused by factors such as internal and external. If knowledge about the future were perfect, profit analysis would have been a very easy task. However, in a world of uncertainty, expectations are not always realised. Thus profit planning and measurement make up the difficult area of managerial economics. The important aspects covered under this area are: Nature and measurement of profit. Profit policies and techniques of profit planning. Capital Management Among the various types and classes of business problems, the most complex and troublesome for the business manager are those relating to the firms capital investments. Capital management implies planning and control and capital expenditure. In this procedure, relatively large sums are involved and the problems are so complex that their disposal not only requires considerable time and labour but also top-level decisions. The main elements dealt with cost management are: Cost of capital Rate of return and selection of projects. The various aspects outlined above represent the major uncertainties, which a business firm has to consider viz., demand uncertainty, cost uncertainty, price uncertainty, profit uncertainty and capital uncertainty. We can, therefore, conclude that managerial economics is mainly concerned with applying economic principles and concepts to adjust with the various uncertainties faced by a business firm. Managerial Economics serves as a link between traditional economics and the decision making sciences for business decision making. The best way to get acquainted with managerial economics and decision making is to come face to face with real world decision problems. Managerial economics is used by firms to improve their profitability. It is the economics applied to problems of choices and allocation of scarce resources by the firms. It refers to the application of economic theory and the tools of analysis of decision science to examine how an organisation can achieve its objective most efficiently. Ques No 2. Discuss the role of Managerial Economist in a Business Organization. A managerial economist helps the management by using his analytical skills and highly developed techniques in solving complex issues of successful decision-making and future advanced planning. The  role of managerial economist  can be summarized as follows: He studies the economic patterns at macro-level and analysis its significance to the specific firm he is working in. He has to consistently examine the probabilities of transforming an ever-changing economic environment into profitable business avenues. He assists the business planning process of a firm. He also carries cost-benefit analysis. He assists the management in the decisions pertaining to internal functioning of a firm such as changes in price, investment plans, type of goods /services to be produced, inputs to be used, techniques of production to be employed, expansion/ contraction of firm, allocation of capital, location of new plants, quantity of output to be produced, replacement of plant equipment, sales forecasting, inventory forecasting, etc. In addition, a managerial economist has to analyze changes in macro- economic indicators such as national income, population, business cycles, and their possible effect on the firms functioning. He is also involved in advising the management on public relations, foreign exchange, and trade. He guides the firm on the likely impact of changes in monetary and fiscal policy on the firms functioning. He also makes an economic analysis of the firms in competition. He has to collect economic data and examine all crucial information about the environment in which the firm operates. The most significant function of a managerial economist is to conduct a detailed research on industrial market. In order to perform all these roles, a managerial economist has to conduct an elaborate statistical analysis. He must be vigilant and must have ability to cope up with the pressures. He also provides management with economic information such as tax rates, competitors price and product, etc. They give their valuable advice to government authorities as well. At times, a managerial economist has to prepare speeches for top management. Ques No 3. Critically explain the role of the concept of Time value of Money in Mangerial decisions? The time value concept of money assumes importance because of the fact that future is always associated with uncertainty. A rupee in hand today is valued higher than the one rupee that is expecting to be recovered tomorrow. The following are points that come in support of the fact that the concept of time value of money is quite relevant in any area of decision making : (a) The purchasing power of money over period of tinw goes down in real times. That means, though numerically the same, the purchasing power of one rupee today is considered to be high economically than its value as on a future date. (b) Individuals prefer present consumption to future consuiilption. This is because of the risk a n d uncertainty associated with future. (c) There is always related costs in any investinent. These costs tend to bring down future value of money. The concept of time value of money figures in rnany day-to-day decisions. For example. in the vital decision making areas in the management like the effective rate of interest on a business loan. The mortgage payment in real estate transaction and evaluation of true Return on investment etc. the time value of money plays an important role. Wherever use Of money is involved and its inflow and outflow patterns are spread over a time horizon, this concept very useful. For example consider the following: * A banker must establish the term of loan * A finance manager is who considers various alternatives sources of funds in terms of cost. * A portfolio manager is one who evaluates various securities Ques No 4 Compare the Cardinal Ordinal Approaches to Consumer Behaviour. Which of these enables us to bifurcate the price effect and how? Cardinal Approach refers that you can calculate or Measure the utility (degree of satisfaction) Numerically, while According to ordinal approach you can not measure the utility numerically.   Cardinal Approach follow the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility while Ordinal Approach follow the Indifference Curve. Cardinal Approach Emphasis on units while ordinal approach is based on rank. When discussing cardinal vs. ordinal, it is helpful to look at what the words mean. The distinguishing factor here is between cardinal and ordinal numbers. Cardinal numbers are 1, 2, 3; ordinal numbers, 1st, 2nd, 3rd. Some crucial differences follow from that. Whereas mathematical operations can be performed on cardinal numbers, they cannot be performed on ordinal numbers. Now, when talking about cardinal utility, it is an attempt to measure the utility of various alternatives. When talking about ordinal utility, it is the ranking of alternatives. Cardinal utility is, however, an erroneous concept. It is impossible to measure utility. People can only say I prefer A to B, but cannot meaningfully say I prefer A 2.5 times more than B or something to that effect. Furthermore, comparisons of utility between different individuals are impossible and meaningless, as well as between the same individual at different points in time (as individuals can and do change their preferences that is, ordinal value-scale rankings). Because value is subjective, we cannot measure it and cannot compare between two different people, or even between the same person at different times. To clarify, ordinal utility culminates in value-scales: 1st: A   2nd: B   3rd: C whereas cardinal utility is the erroneous attempt at measurement: 10utils A   7utils B   3utils C Ques No 5. Managerial Economics is inter- disciplinary in natureComment/ Explain the relationship of ME with other disciplines. Managerial economics is essentially applied economics in the field of  business management. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢It is the economics of business. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢It pertains to all economics aspects of  managerial decisions making. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢It is the integration of economic principles with business management practices. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Managerial economics rests on the edifice of  economics. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢A fundamental knowledge of economics and economic theory is needed for a  meaningful analysis of business situation Managerial economics is linked with various other fields of study like- Microeconomic Theory: As stated in the introduction, the roots of managerial economics spring from micro-economic theory. Price theory, demand concepts and theories of market structure are few elements of micro economics used by managerial economists. It has an applied bias as it applies economic theories in order to solve real world problems of enterprises. Macroeconomic Theory: This field has little relevance for managerial economics but at least one part of it is incorporated in managerial economics i.e. national income forecasting. The latter could be an important aid to business condition analysis, which in turn could be a valuable input for forecasting the demand for specific product groups. Operations Research: This field is used in managerial economics to find out the best of all possibilities. Linear programming is a great aid in decision making in business and industry as it can help in solving problems like determination of facilities on machine scheduling, distribution of commodities and optimum product mix etc. Theory of Decision Making: Decision theory has been developed to deal with problems of choice or decision making under uncertainty, where the applicability of figures required for the utility calculus are not available. Economic theory is based on assumptions of a single goal whereas decision theory breaks new grounds by recognizing multiplicity of goals and persuasiveness of uncertainty in the real world of management. Statistics: Statistics helps in empirical testing of theory. With its help, better decisions relating to demand and cost functions, production, sales or distribution are taken. Managerial economics is heavily dependent on statistical methods. Management Theory and Accounting: Maximisation of profit has been regarded as a central concept in the theory of the firm in microeconomics. Ques No 6. Discuss the properties of Indifference Curves. Discuss their role in consumers decision making process? Indifference Curves Each point in the  diagram  stands for a basket of meat and ghee (cooking oil) A, B, C, D are all baskets among which a certain consumer is indifferent. All give equal utility. These points and all others on a smooth curve connecting them constitute an indifference set. An indifference curve is a graphical representation of an indifferent set. Indifference Curve Properties Following are the indifference curve properties: 1. If two commodities are perfect substitute the indifference curve is a straight line. http://www.studylecturenotes.com/images/stories/Indifference%20Curve%20Properties%20Fig%201.jpg When two commodities are not substitutable then the shape is represented by two vertical and horizontal lines. http://www.studylecturenotes.com/images/stories/Indifference%20Curve%20Properties%20Fig%202.jpg In more typical cases, in which the two commodities can be substituted for each other but are not perfect substitutes, the indifference curve will be curved as http://www.studylecturenotes.com/images/stories/Indifference%20Curve%20Properties%20Fig%203.jpg 4. The more easily the two commodities can be substituted for each other the nearer will the curve approach straight line. 5. Indifference curves normally slope downward, the upward sloping portion of curve shown here s impossible. Basket A has more goods than basket B and therefore it could not be on the same indifference curve.   The indifference curves have normally negative slops sloping downward. http://www.studylecturenotes.com/images/stories/Indifference%20Curve%20Properties%20Fig%204.jpg 6. The absolute value of the slope of an indifference curve at any point represents the ratio of the marginal utility of the good and on the horizontal axis to the marginal utility of the good on the vertical axis. The rate at which one good can be substituted for the other without gain or loss in satisfaction is called marginal rate of substitution. 7. Indifference curves are convex, that is, their slope decrease as one moves down and to the right along them. The implies that the ratio of the marginal utility of meat to the marginal utility of the ghee (cooking oil) also known as marginal ratio of substitution of meat for ghee (cooking oil) diminishes as one moves down and to the right along the curve. 8. Indifference curves can be drawn through the point that represents the basket of goods whatsoever. Ques No 7. Discuss the concept of Production Possibility Curve? What is the reason behind its shape? Do you think there are exceptions to it? Production Possibility curves The production possibility curves is a hypothetical representation of the amount of two different goods that can be obtained by shifting resources from the production of one, to the production of the other. The curve is used to describe a societys choice between two different goods.  Figure 1, shows the two goods as consumption and investment.  Investment goods are goods that are involved in the production of further consumption goods.  They include physical capital such as machines, buildings, roads etc. and human investments such as education and training. The sums of all investments make up the capital stock of a society. To show the point where all resources were used to produce consumption goods, one should move straight up the vertical axes to the curve.  To show the point were all resources were used to produce investment goods, one should move straight on the horizontal axes to the curve.  Both points are extreme and unrealistic.  Both points A and B represented m ore realistic combinations, with point A showing more consumption and less investment, while point B shows more investment and less consumption. http://krypton.mnsu.edu/~renner/image001.JPG The production possibility curve of figure 1., shows the trade off in production between investments and consumption goods. Any two categories of different goods could be chosen. What they are is arbitrary. The curve is used to show during a specific  period, what could be produced of the combination of the two goods, if all resources are fully employed, while technology and institutions do not change.  Given those conditions, societies output potential is realized anywhere on the curve (which is called the production possibility curves frontier). Unemployed resources (labor, capital, physical resources) of any kind would result in an inefficient production level,  and would be shown as a point to the left, or inside the curve. By definition all point to the right or outside of the production possibility curve (frontier) are impossible, given the limits of resources and technology. Opportunity Cost This hypothetical curve shows how much of consumption must be given up to increase investments (the movement from A to B).  This demonstrates the important economic concept of  Opportunity Cost, which is the cost of anything (such as an investment in a new road), in terms of what has to be given up.  This is the general concept of cost in economics. For the individual, these costs could be financial, but they could include a individuals time and other intangibles. For society the production possibility curve shows opportunity cost only on the curve itself.  If society found itself inside the curve, for instance, during a recession (where all resources are not being utilized), then a movement out to the production possibility curve has no real opportunity cost. The unemployed resources are just being utilized (unemployed labor going back to work). Opportunity cost is different than accounting cost, and unfortunately is not so easily calculated. Opportunity cost has a subjective element.  For instance, to determine the opportunity cost of a new highway, includes the obvious cost of materials, of labor, of land, (these are the easily determined accounting cost), but there are also intangible cost, such as the cost to the community of the disruption involved with new construction, and the change in the communities effected by the highway. Also there may be costs connected to increase pollution (with health effects), increased noise, and an increase in general unattractiveness.  These cost are real, but are difficult to both measure and evaluate. Putting a dollar value on these cost adds a subjective element to the evaluation. As a result sometimes they are ignored.   Ques No 8. Graphically explain the Law of Diminishing Marginal utility. Discuss its applicability in the intergrated Global Economy Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility The Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility states that as the consumer consume more and more units of a commodity the marginal utility of the commodity falls. The law of diminishing marginal utility is a psychological law arrived at by introspection and by empirical evidence. The example of this law is when a consumer drinks water on a hot afternoon; the first glass of water gives him more satisfaction as compared to the second (as the thirst has decreased after consuming one glass of water). The second glass of water gives more satisfaction as compared to the third and so on. The Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility, which states that as the consumer consume more and more units of a commodity the marginal utility of the commodity falls. If MUx â‚ ¬Ã‚ ¾ MUy Px Py it means that good x is giving more satisfaction to the consumer as compared to good y. Therefore the consumer would gain satisfaction by consuming more of good x and less of good y. As he consumes more of good x, MUx will fall which would lead to fall in MUx/ Px. Similarly MUy will rise as he consumes less of good y. This would increase MUy/ Py. This process will continue till we reach the equilibrium point where MUx = MUy = MU of the last rupee spent on each good Px Py Similarly if MUx Px Py The consumer would increase the consumption of good y and reduce the consumption of good x till he reaches the equilibrium point where MUx = MUy = MU of the last rupee spent on each good Px Py EXAMPLE OF DIMINISHING MARGINAL UTILITY :-   This law can be explained by the following example. Suppose in the month of June a person start drinking water. First glass of water has a great utility for him. If he takes the second glass of water, the utility will be less than the first. If he drinks the third glass , the utility of third will be less than the second, and so on. The utility goes on diminishing with the consumption of every next unit and it drops down to zero. If the consumer is forced further, the utility will become negative. This law can also be explained by the following table : http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-3lVkcr5eXyc/TcfBO2lrw8I/AAAAAAAABBs/6Y7_6Jwz3ew/s320/schedule%2Bof%2Bdiminshing%2Bmarginal%2Butility.JPG EXPLANATION :-  The above table show that first glass of water gives units of utility to the thirsty man. When he takes second the marginal utility drops down to 8. When he consumes the 6th glass the marginal utility drops down to zero and by the use of 7th it becomes negative. http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1s_6lqCZmDg/TcfBJGXWkyI/AAAAAAAABBc/MiC_pwx-b7Q/s320/diagram%2Bof%2Bdiminishing%2Bmarginal%2Butility.JPG EXPLANATION :-  Along OX we measure the units of commodity consumed along OY utility derived from them. The utility of the first glass of water is represented by the first rectangle and second glass by the second rectangle and so on. FF curve is the diminishing utility curve. ASSUMPTIONS OF DIMINISHING MARGINAL UTILITY 1. NATURE OF THE COMMODITY :-  There should be no change in the nature of the commodity. For example, If first mango taken is not better, while the second is better, then the utility will not decrease and the utility of second will be greater than first. 2. REASONABLE UNITS :-  It is assumed that the units of a commodity which are used should be suitable and reasonable if the units are too small then this law will not operate. 3. CONTINUOUS USE :-  It is also assumed that the units of the commodity should be used continuously. If there is interval between the consumption the same two units then the law will not be applicable. 4. NO CHANGE IN INCOME :-  It is also assumed that the income of the consumer should not change, otherwise the law may not operate. 5. NO CHANGE IN FASHION AND CUSTOMS :-  If there is a sudden change in fashion or customs of a consumer, the law may not operate. 6. RARE COLLECTIONS :-  If there are two diamonds in the world the possession of the second diamond will push up the marginal utility. 7. NO CHANGE IN THE STOCK OF OTHER PEOPLE :-  Sometimes an increase in the stock of a commodity increases the marginal utility. For example the number of telephone increase in the city, but the utility of our telephone increases. 8. STATE OF MIND SHOULD NOT CHANGE :-  If a consumer has been told that  mango  is a tonic for his health, then marginal utility will increase instead of falling. EXCEPTIONS OR LIMITATIONS 1. DESIRE OF MONEY :-  This law is not applicable in case of money with an increase in wealth man wants to get more and more. 2. DESIRE OF KNOWLEDGE :-  Some experts say that man wants to get more and more knowledge so the law can not be applied in this case. 3. USE OF LIQUOR :-  With the additional use of liquor like wine marginal utility also goes on increasing. 4. PERSONAL HOBBY :-  In case of hobby also this law can not operate. For example , as the collection of tickets increases, its utility also increases. 5. FASHION :-  Utility also depends upon fashion. If the fashion of any commodity changes, its utility drops down to zero. On the other hand if fashion exists then utility increases. Ques No 9. Describe how Marginalism, Opportunity cost Incremental concept aid Decision Making. The marginalist explanation is as follows: The total utility or satisfaction of water exceeds that of diamonds. We would all rather do without diamonds than without water. But almost all of us would prefer to win a prize of a diamond rather than an additional bucket of water. To make this last choice, we ask ourselves not whether diamonds or water give more satisfaction in total, but whether one more diamond gives greater additional satisfaction than one more bucket of water. For this marginal utility question, our answer will depend on how much of each we already have. Though the first units of water we consume every month are of enormous value to us, the last units are not. The utility of additional (or marginal) units continues to decrease as we consume more and more. Economists believe that sensible choice requires comparing marginal utilities and marginal costs. They also think that people apply the marginalism concept regularly, even if subconsciously, in their private decisions. In southern states, for example, a much lower fraction of people buy snow shovels than in northern states. The reason is that although snow shovels cost about the same from state to state, the marginal benefit of a snow shovel is much higher in northern states. But in discussions of public-policy issues, where most of the benefits and costs do not accrue to the individual making the policy decision (e.g., subsidies for  health care), the appeal of total utility and intrinsic worth as the basis for decision can mask the insights of marginalism. Even good answers to certain grand questions give little guidance for rational public policy choices. For example, what is more important, health or recreation? If forced to choose, everyone would find health more important than recreation. But marginalism suggests that our real concern  should be with proportion, not rank. Finding health in total to be more important than recreation in total does not imply that all diving boards should be removed from swimming pools just because a few people die in diving accidents. We need to compare the number of lives saved from fewer diving accidents, that is, the marginal benefit of getting rid of diving boards, with the pleasure given up by getting rid of diving boards, that is, the marginal cost of getting rid of